salat : bienfaits

6. Effet libérateur au moment de la prononciation à voix haute du terme "Aaa-meeen" Amen après la fatiha. 

7. Effet appaisant du à la résonance du terme Amen dans l'ensemble de la mosquée.


2. La lecture du coran développe la pronciation correcte, l'élocution, aide à guérir la dyslexie, le bégaiement, stimule la mémoire.

5. Effet anxiolytique à différents niveaux (ex: récitation des sourates) : la résonance de la voix de l'imam. Également la résonnance des sourates à l'intérieur du thorax de la personne qui prie, sentiment de bien-être., également, les sorties de sons sont soient de la gorge soit nasale...


15. Il arrive que la personne qui prie sanglotte sous l'effet du sens de certains versets lus ou écoutés. Effet libérateur des sanglots quand la personne est sous pression.

16. Au moment de la salutation finale (tahiah) : la position de l'index, et la position jointe du pouce et du majeur, effet relaxant.

17. Positions des mains levées vers le ciel au moment du dou3a2 est très bénéfique: elle représentent un réceptacle des dons divins, et un moyen de faire parvenir ses prières.

18. Aprés le dou3a2: la personne qui prie peut embrasser la paume de ses mains pour remercier le seigneur des bienfaits, passer ses deux mains sur son visage, son torse et si souhaité ses avant-bras et bras, cela donne une impression de dons acquis, intégration des bénéfices, et de bien-etre.


20. Plus la prière est réalisée comme il se doit, plus ses bienfaits se font ressentir.

La session « tahiate zakiate » est une session de salutations finales mais c'est également une période de relaxation profonde. On a fait la prière et on se repose à la fin (travail accompli). On prend de grandes respirations, etc. le but n'est pas vraiment ça mais ça coïncide et c'est tant mieux.


 

obsessive compulsive disorder and unified modeling language

                In this paper, we choose to use a general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering, which is designed to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. This later is called UML standing for Unified Modeling Langage [James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and Grady Booch. 2004. Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, the (2nd Edition). Pearson Higher Education]. Due to space limitations of the paper, we do not detail the formalism of the language, and hope that the instanciation and use of this later in our study case will be sufficient for the reader.

Unified modeling langage modeling of obsessive compulsive disorder

                In this chapter, we present two different types of UML diagram : activity diagram, and state machine diagram to help describe a model of obsessive compulsive disorder.

A.    Activity Diagram of OCD

                In this section, we give a activity diagram of the obsessive compulsive disorder. This diagram has the particular  ability to describe « activity » (volountary/wanted/decided ones/ and others).

In the previous figure, we make two assumption, the first one is that the feeling of guilt is the result of the synchronisation of two internal stimulus and action : the first one is a specific belief, and the second one is an action that goes at the opposite sense of that belief.

The second assumption is that, going to an obsession state, or anxiety state, can be the result of a decision (depending of the psychological background of the subject).

B.    State Machine Diagram of OCD

                In this section, we give a « state machine » diagram of the obsessive compulsive disorder. This diagram has the particular  ability to describe « state » (used here for « mind state » which may be considered as unvolountary/unwanted/undecided activities)

Fig. 1.  State machine diagram of the OCD disorder.

Confronting cognitive/behavioral therapy and disorder

In this chapter, we will detail our contribution, a fault-tolerant based approach to confront the OCD « model » (considered here as a cognitive/behavioral disorder) inside/through the islamic prayer « model » (considered here as a cognitive/behavioral therapy). Finally, we give conclusions and give further possibilities and application of our work.

Conclusion : we distinguish between two paths corresponding to the two possibilities of stimulus. In the first case, an external stimulus leads to a distress and/or anxiety state, then to obsession. In the second case, an internal stimulus leads to obsession, then to distress and/or anxiety (due to culpability feeling). Both cases result by a ritualized behaviour (compulsion) (state C), and to a temporary relief from anxiety and/or distress, BUT this later one will LOOP to state (C) causing a reinforcement of state (C). As a result, the state/transition diagram has no FINAL state, and will loop indefinetly, this is litterally a state diagram disorder and explain the obsessive-compulsive disorder appellation, and which explain the complexity of curing such disorder due to the difficulty of escaping such the loop described previously.

islamic prayer, triggers, neurscience, decision making

Fisrt, there is some considerations to be done :

1) The first prayer performed in islam was a « dohr » (dhor, zuhr) which is a mid-day prayer to be performed when the sun is at the middle of the sky.

2) The first prayer to be performed every day, is the « fajr » (or sobh) prayer which is the sunrise prayer, which must be done when the sun just rises.

3) There are five obligatory prayers (fajr, dohr, asr, maghreb, icha), which will be considered in our study.

                Second, in the scenario that we propose to represent the islamic prayer “as-salat”, we will consider beginning with the “fajr” prayer, and finishing with the “icha” prayer of the same day :

(first state) Fajr –> (finishing state) Icha.

                First of all, the muslim should wait for one of the three possibilities :

1. the corresponding time of “fajr” prayer, considering a calculation/table of the prayer time.

2. the “apparition of the sun” (first light in the night sky), to attest that this is the time for sun rise, and so for the “fajr” prayer.

3. the first “adhan” (call for prayer) of the day, and so for the “fajr” prayer.

3. the corresponding time of “fajr” prayer, considering a calculation of the prayer time.

                We can consider, that there is three triggers (visual, auditive, cognitive) for the prayer time.

First element for the representation : Trigger for prayer time

A.    Decision making :

                For each different first trigger, the subject will associate the following items 'a' and 'b' in order to construct the  conclusion 'c':

for trigger (1) :

a. the time of the day (using a watch for exemple),

b. the day of the year,

c. it it time for one specific prayer by correlating the day and the time.

for trigger (2) :

a. there is only one sunrise in a day,

b. the prayer corresponding to the sunrise is the “fajr”,

c. it it time for the “fajr” prayer.

for trigger (3) :

a. the time of the day (using a watch or the light of the day)

b. if no possibility to know the correct time,

=> one must recall the previous prayer

c. it it the adhan time for the corresponding prayer.

islamic prayer and OCD

Fig. 1.  State/Transition diagram representation of the OCD pattern.

                         II.    Algorithm/Pattern extraction from cognitive/behavioral activity

In this chapter, we propose an algorithmic representation of OCD, and islamic prayer. To design these representation, we use the UML (Unified Modeling Langage) notation, which provides several diagrams of representating algorithms and pattern, such us state/transitions diagrams, or activity diagrams.

As result of a specific (internal or external) stimulus, a distress and anxiety reaction or an obsession is triggered, these two ones are active in a both ways, the distress/anxiety reactin result by a ritualized behavior (compulsion) to help give a temporary relief of the distress/anxiety state, nevertheless, this relief reinforce the compulsion. (Obsessive–compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective, David L. Pauls,             Amitai Abramovitch,         Scott L. Rauch    & Daniel A. Geller, AffiliationsCorresponding authors, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15, 410–424 (20 may 2014).

Another consideration to take into account, is the relation of causality between « culpability » (as an stimulus) and the « distress/anxiety ».

As described in the previous figure, we distinguish between two paths corresponding to the two possibilities of stimulus. In the first case, an external stimulus leads to a distress and/or anxiety state, then to obsession. In the second case, an internal stimulus leads to obsession, then to distress and/or anxiety (due to culpability feeling). Both cases result by a ritualized behaviour (compulsion) (state C), and to a temporary relief from anxiety and/or distress, BUT this later one will LOOP to state (C) causing a reinforcement of state (C). As a result, the state/transition diagram has no FINAL state, and will loop indefinetly, this is litterally a state diagram disorder and explain the obsessive-compulsive disorder appellation, and which explain the complexity of curing such disorder due to the difficulty of escaping such the loop described previously.

A.    Islamic prayer « as-salat »

                In this section, we will give a state of the art description of the islamic prayer « as-salat ».

                As long as there are no complete academic (and methodological) description of the islamic paper that are available, and regarding the religious (and important) aspect of such activity, we prefer to use the Wikipedia description, which, as far as we are concerned, is a open access (read / write / modify) public encyclopedia. On the other hand, we choose to detail the « maliki » way of performing « as-salat » since it is the common way in the nord-african geographical region (among many others). We present hereafter this description reviewed and corrected.

                Fisrt, there is some considerations to be done :

1) The first prayer performed in islam was a « dohr » (dhor, zuhr) which is a mid-day prayer to be performed when the sun is at the middle of the sky.

2) The first prayer to be performed every day, is the « fajr » (or sobh) prayer which is the sunrise prayer, which must be done when the sun just rises.

3) There are five obligatory prayers (fajr, dohr, asr, maghreb, icha), which will be considered in our study.

                Second, in the scenario that we propose to represent the islamic prayer “as-salat”, we will consider beginning with the “fajr” prayer, and finishing with the “icha” prayer of the same day :

(first state) Fajr –> (finishing state) Icha.

                First of all, the muslim should wait for one of the three possibilities :

A. the “apparition of the sun” (first light in the night sky), to attest that this is the time for sun rise, and so for the “fajr” prayer.

B. the first “adhan” of the day, and so for the “fajr” prayer.

C. the corresponding time of “fajr” prayer, considering a calculation of the prayer time.

                We can consider, that there is three triggers (visual, auditive, cognitive) for the prayer time.

First element for the representation : Trigger for prayer time