Analyzing, modelling, designing and developing Islamic knowledge Using Unified Modelling Language, Model Driven Engineering, and Object Oriented Programming

Analyzing, modelling, designing and developing Islamic knowledge  Using Unified Modelling Language, Model Driven Engineering, and Object Oriented Programming

 As far as we are concerned in this paper, we propose to classify Islamic Knowledge into three categories:

1.       Holy Quran,

2.       Hadith,

3.       Saying of renowned Muslims.

In this paper, we will focus, only on the prophet Muhammad (pbuh) sayings (hadiths), as they provide us with important source of information, regarding our methodology.

In the following section, we present a new methodology for modeling hadiths, using what is called UML activity diagram.

A.  Activity Modelling for an activity hadith

In our methodology, we present several basic rules:

1.                     We decompose an activity (such as Salat), to many different sub-activities (such as rakâa). For example :

2.                     We decompose a sub-activity (such as rakâa), to many different actions (such as takbir, reading, rokôo, soujoud, joulouss, etc...). For example :

3.                     We decompose an action, or activity, or sub-activity into three components :

a.       Condition (IF)

b.       Result of the condition (Then),

c.        Alternative Result (Else).

First, we consider that a hadith that explains actions and activities of the prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The following hadith is the perfect illustration of the principle:

أنَّ فَهْدًا حَدَّثَنَا ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو غَسَّانَ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا زُهَيْرٌ ، قَالَ : حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ ، قَالَ : أَتَيْتُ الأَسْوَدَ بْنَ يَزِيدَ ، وَكَانَ لِي أَخًا وَصَدِيقًا ، فَقُلْتُ يَا أَبَا عَمْرٍو ، حَدِّثْنِي مَا حَدَّثَتْكَ عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ، عَنْ صَلاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ، فَقَالَ : قَالَتْ : " كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَنَامُ أَوَّلَ اللَّيْلِ وَيُحْيِي آخِرَهُ ، ثُمَّ إِنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ حَاجَةٌ قَضَى حَاجَتَهُ ، ثُمَّ يَنَامُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمَسَّ مَاءً ، فَإِذَا كَانَ عِنْدَ النِّدَاءِ الأَوَّلِ ، وَثَبَ وَمَا قَالَتْ قَامَ فَأَفَاضَ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءَ ، وَمَا قَالَتْ : اغْتَسَلَ وَأَنَا أَعْلَمُ مَا تُرِيدُ وَإِنْ كَانَ جُنُبًا تَوَضَّأَ وُضُوءَ الرَّجُلِ لِلصَّلاةِ "

From:

شرح معاني الآثار للطحاوي » بَابُ الْجُنُبِ يُرِيدُ النَّوْمَ أَوِ الأَكْلَ

First, we have to separate the activity statements from the rest of the Islamic text:

كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَنَامُ أَوَّلَ اللَّيْلِ وَيُحْيِي آخِرَهُ ، ثُمَّ إِنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ حَاجَةٌ قَضَى حَاجَتَهُ ، ثُمَّ يَنَامُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمَسَّ مَاءً ، فَإِذَا كَانَ عِنْدَ النِّدَاءِ الأَوَّلِ ، وَثَبَ وَمَا قَالَتْ قَامَ فَأَفَاضَ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءَ ، وَمَا قَالَتْ : اغْتَسَلَ وَأَنَا أَعْلَمُ مَا تُرِيدُ وَإِنْ كَانَ جُنُبًا تَوَضَّأَ وُضُوءَ الرَّجُلِ لِلصَّلاةِ "

The highlighted text represents a judgment of the narrator, and could help understand the structure of the activities.

وَمَا قَالَتْ قَامَ فَأَفَاضَ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءَ، وَمَا قَالَتْ: اغْتَسَلَ وَأَنَا أَعْلَمُ مَا تُرِيدُ

In this step, we try to differentiate between activity, sub-activities, and actions. For ease of comprehension, we give the letter (A) for activities, the acronym (Sub) for sub-activities, and the letter (a) for actions.

يَنَامُ أَوَّلَ اللَّيْلِ	Action
وَيُحْيِي آخِرَهُ	Activity
ثُمَّ إِنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ حَاجَةٌ	If condition
قَضَى حَاجَتَهُ	Then action
ثُمَّ يَنَام	Action
قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمَسَّ مَاءً	Condition (and action)
فَإِذَا كَانَ عِنْدَ النِّدَاءِ الأَوَّلِ	If condition
وَثَبَ	Then action
وَإِنْ كَانَ جُنُبًا	If condition
تَوَضَّأَ وُضُوءَ الرَّجُلِ لِلصَّلاةِ	Then Activity

For computer scientist, this structure is very likely an algorithm, which could be encoded in computer understandable language, please refer to discussions at the end of the paper.

B.  UML Activity Modelling for an activity hadith

Since the previous hadith focused on actions and activities, we choose to call it “activity hadith”. In consequence it should be modelled by a tool providing such possibilities; we present hereafter an example of hadith’s modelling using UML activity diagram.

salat : bienfaits

6. Effet libérateur au moment de la prononciation à voix haute du terme "Aaa-meeen" Amen après la fatiha. 

7. Effet appaisant du à la résonance du terme Amen dans l'ensemble de la mosquée.


2. La lecture du coran développe la pronciation correcte, l'élocution, aide à guérir la dyslexie, le bégaiement, stimule la mémoire.

5. Effet anxiolytique à différents niveaux (ex: récitation des sourates) : la résonance de la voix de l'imam. Également la résonnance des sourates à l'intérieur du thorax de la personne qui prie, sentiment de bien-être., également, les sorties de sons sont soient de la gorge soit nasale...


15. Il arrive que la personne qui prie sanglotte sous l'effet du sens de certains versets lus ou écoutés. Effet libérateur des sanglots quand la personne est sous pression.

16. Au moment de la salutation finale (tahiah) : la position de l'index, et la position jointe du pouce et du majeur, effet relaxant.

17. Positions des mains levées vers le ciel au moment du dou3a2 est très bénéfique: elle représentent un réceptacle des dons divins, et un moyen de faire parvenir ses prières.

18. Aprés le dou3a2: la personne qui prie peut embrasser la paume de ses mains pour remercier le seigneur des bienfaits, passer ses deux mains sur son visage, son torse et si souhaité ses avant-bras et bras, cela donne une impression de dons acquis, intégration des bénéfices, et de bien-etre.


20. Plus la prière est réalisée comme il se doit, plus ses bienfaits se font ressentir.

La session « tahiate zakiate » est une session de salutations finales mais c'est également une période de relaxation profonde. On a fait la prière et on se repose à la fin (travail accompli). On prend de grandes respirations, etc. le but n'est pas vraiment ça mais ça coïncide et c'est tant mieux.


 

obsessive compulsive disorder and unified modeling language

                In this paper, we choose to use a general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering, which is designed to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. This later is called UML standing for Unified Modeling Langage [James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and Grady Booch. 2004. Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, the (2nd Edition). Pearson Higher Education]. Due to space limitations of the paper, we do not detail the formalism of the language, and hope that the instanciation and use of this later in our study case will be sufficient for the reader.

Unified modeling langage modeling of obsessive compulsive disorder

                In this chapter, we present two different types of UML diagram : activity diagram, and state machine diagram to help describe a model of obsessive compulsive disorder.

A.    Activity Diagram of OCD

                In this section, we give a activity diagram of the obsessive compulsive disorder. This diagram has the particular  ability to describe « activity » (volountary/wanted/decided ones/ and others).

In the previous figure, we make two assumption, the first one is that the feeling of guilt is the result of the synchronisation of two internal stimulus and action : the first one is a specific belief, and the second one is an action that goes at the opposite sense of that belief.

The second assumption is that, going to an obsession state, or anxiety state, can be the result of a decision (depending of the psychological background of the subject).

B.    State Machine Diagram of OCD

                In this section, we give a « state machine » diagram of the obsessive compulsive disorder. This diagram has the particular  ability to describe « state » (used here for « mind state » which may be considered as unvolountary/unwanted/undecided activities)

Fig. 1.  State machine diagram of the OCD disorder.

Confronting cognitive/behavioral therapy and disorder

In this chapter, we will detail our contribution, a fault-tolerant based approach to confront the OCD « model » (considered here as a cognitive/behavioral disorder) inside/through the islamic prayer « model » (considered here as a cognitive/behavioral therapy). Finally, we give conclusions and give further possibilities and application of our work.

Conclusion : we distinguish between two paths corresponding to the two possibilities of stimulus. In the first case, an external stimulus leads to a distress and/or anxiety state, then to obsession. In the second case, an internal stimulus leads to obsession, then to distress and/or anxiety (due to culpability feeling). Both cases result by a ritualized behaviour (compulsion) (state C), and to a temporary relief from anxiety and/or distress, BUT this later one will LOOP to state (C) causing a reinforcement of state (C). As a result, the state/transition diagram has no FINAL state, and will loop indefinetly, this is litterally a state diagram disorder and explain the obsessive-compulsive disorder appellation, and which explain the complexity of curing such disorder due to the difficulty of escaping such the loop described previously.

islamic prayer, triggers, neurscience, decision making

Fisrt, there is some considerations to be done :

1) The first prayer performed in islam was a « dohr » (dhor, zuhr) which is a mid-day prayer to be performed when the sun is at the middle of the sky.

2) The first prayer to be performed every day, is the « fajr » (or sobh) prayer which is the sunrise prayer, which must be done when the sun just rises.

3) There are five obligatory prayers (fajr, dohr, asr, maghreb, icha), which will be considered in our study.

                Second, in the scenario that we propose to represent the islamic prayer “as-salat”, we will consider beginning with the “fajr” prayer, and finishing with the “icha” prayer of the same day :

(first state) Fajr –> (finishing state) Icha.

                First of all, the muslim should wait for one of the three possibilities :

1. the corresponding time of “fajr” prayer, considering a calculation/table of the prayer time.

2. the “apparition of the sun” (first light in the night sky), to attest that this is the time for sun rise, and so for the “fajr” prayer.

3. the first “adhan” (call for prayer) of the day, and so for the “fajr” prayer.

3. the corresponding time of “fajr” prayer, considering a calculation of the prayer time.

                We can consider, that there is three triggers (visual, auditive, cognitive) for the prayer time.

First element for the representation : Trigger for prayer time

A.    Decision making :

                For each different first trigger, the subject will associate the following items 'a' and 'b' in order to construct the  conclusion 'c':

for trigger (1) :

a. the time of the day (using a watch for exemple),

b. the day of the year,

c. it it time for one specific prayer by correlating the day and the time.

for trigger (2) :

a. there is only one sunrise in a day,

b. the prayer corresponding to the sunrise is the “fajr”,

c. it it time for the “fajr” prayer.

for trigger (3) :

a. the time of the day (using a watch or the light of the day)

b. if no possibility to know the correct time,

=> one must recall the previous prayer

c. it it the adhan time for the corresponding prayer.